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How smoke impacts health

Most healthy people tolerate brief smoke exposure quite well.

But some people are more sensitive to smoke than others, including: 

  • people with asthma or other lung conditions
  • people with heart and blood vessel disease like angina, heart failure and stroke
  • people with diabetes
  • pregnant women 
  • babies and young children
  • older people. 

If you are in one of the categories above, it is important to manage your health and reduce your exposure to the smoke as much as possible. 

Anyone may experience the following symptoms as a result of smoke exposure:

  • eye, nose and throat irritation
  • coughing
  • sneezing
  • congestion.

However, those more sensitive to smoke may experience worsening of existing health conditions. Smoke can for example:

  • trigger asthma
  • worsen heart disease.

In addition, smoke may be a risk because of reduced visibility and road safety. 

Preparing for smoke events

Smoke can come from a variety of sources such as bushfires, planned burns, private burn-offs, agricultural burns and wood heaters. Be prepared for smoke at any time of year.

  • Keep up to date with planned burns near you by signing up to receive notifications  or download the VicEmergency app.
  • Check for gaps in doors and windows. You can prepare your home before a smoke event by identifying any gaps and sealing these where possible. If sealing gaps is not possible, wet towels can be used to cover gaps when there is smoke outside.  
  • Switch air-conditioners to recirculate or reuse air. If they do not have that function, turn them off.  
  • Ensure you always have at least 5 days’ supply of medication on hand. If you or a family member has a heart or lung condition, including asthma, always make sure there is enough medication on hand to last at least 5 days.  
  • Know where to find information. Information about air quality in your local area can be found on EPA’s AirWatch
  • There are some circumstances where masks or indoor air cleaners may assist with reducing exposure Find out if indoor air cleaners or face masks are appropriate for you and your family.

What to do when it’s smoky outside

Ways to reduce your exposure to smoke

If you see or smell smoke outside you should reduce your exposure to smoke. 

  • Stay indoors – but only if it’s safe to do so.
  • Reduce outdoor physical activity, especially if you develop symptoms like cough or shortness of breath. 
  • Keep track of conditions and consider closing windows and doors until outdoor air quality is better.
  • Use a portable air cleaner with a HEPA filter if you have access to one. Fact sheet – Smoke and portable indoor air cleaners 
  • Use a P2 or N95 mask when outdoors. If you have a pre-existing heart or lung condition, seek advice from your doctor if you experience difficulty breathing while wearing a mask.  
  • Go to a place with cleaner air (such as an air-conditioned building like a library or shopping centre) if it is safe to do so. 
  • Follow the treatment plan recommended by your doctor.
  • If you or anyone in your care has trouble breathing or tightness in the chest, call 000 for an ambulance.  
  • Signs of short-term smoke discomfort such as eye, nose and throat irritation and coughing usually clear up in healthy adults once away from the smoke.  
  • Stay informed. Check the EPA air quality webpage. This will help to plan your activities and know when to ventilate your home or facility when outdoor air quality improves.

When smoke events such as from bushfires or other landscape fires are likely to go on for longer than a few days, staying indoors is not always possible. So despite it being important for your health to exercise:

Avoid vigorous outdoor exercise when air quality conditions are poor.

This is especially important for higher-risk people. Indoor exercise is okay if indoor air quality is good. 

Face masks (P2/N95/KN95)

It’s better to stay indoors away from the smoke, unless you can’t avoid being outside.

Ordinary paper dust masks, handkerchiefs and bandannas don’t filter out fine particles from smoke.

Special face masks called P2/N95/KN95 masks filter smoke and give your lungs better protection. You can buy them from most hardware stores.

Before wearing a P2/N95/KN95 mask, you should understand:

  • they can make it harder for you to breathe normally, therefore you should consider seeking medical advice before using one if you have a pre-existing heart or lung condition
  • they can be hot and uncomfortable to wear
  • they need to be changed regularly to work properly
  • if the seal around the face is poor, the mask won’t work well
  • if you usually have facial hair, your face should be clean shaven to get a good seal
  • the masks don’t filter out gases like carbon monoxide

This fact sheet from the Department of Health Victoria has more information about smoke masks.

Pets, animals and smoke

Keep pets and animals inside with clean water, food and bedding if possible.

Ash and soot on animals may impact their health when they groom themselves. Wash them as you normally would with pet shampoo to remove anything covering their fur or feathers.

Signs of smoke inhalation in animals can include:

  • coughing
  • faster breathing rate or difficulties with breathing.

Contact a local vet if you have concerns about the health of your pets.

Contact the Department of Energy, Environment, and Climate Action (DEECA) on 136 186 if you have concerns about the health of your animals. 

Rainwater tanks

Don’t use water from your rainwater tank for drinking or bathing if it looks, smells or tastes unusual. This includes using rainwater for your pets.

More information about bushfires and your private drinking water supply is available from the Department of Health.

For information on rainwater tank quality, contact:

How to assess air quality and health risks

EPA measures air quality at different areas around the state. You can check current air quality at EPA Airwatch.

If you don’t have access to AirWatch, you can look at landmarks. They become harder to see when there’s smoke in the air.

To visually assess air quality:

  1. Estimate the distance from you to a landmark that’s just visible (you can just see it).
  2. Use this estimated distance and the table below to identify the air health category and the advised activity levels based on your sensitivity to smoke.
 Air quality category Landmark visible from home
 Good  greater than 20km
 Fair  between 10km to 20km
 Poor  between 5km to 10 km
 Very poor  between 1.5km to 5 km
 Extremely poor  1.5km or less

Activity levels based on air health category and smoke sensitivity

Category Pm2.5

1-hour average (µg/m3)  

Sensitive groups Everyone else 
Good 0-25
  •  No change needed to your normal outdoor activities. 
  • No change needed to your normal outdoor activities.
Fair 25-50
  • Reduce outdoor physical activity if you develop symptoms like cough or shortness of breath.
  • Consider closing windows and doors until outdoor air quality is better.
  • Follow the treatment plan recommended by your doctor.
  • If you are concerned about symptoms call NURSE-ON-CALL on 1300 606 024 or see your doctor.
  • If you or anyone in your care has trouble breathing or tightness in the chest, call 000 for an ambulance.
  • No change needed to your normal outdoor activities.
Poor

50-100

The air is likely to be dusty or smoky

  • Avoid outdoor physical activity if you develop symptoms like cough or shortness of breath. When indoors, close windows and doors until outdoor air quality is better.
  • Follow the treatment plan recommended by your doctor.
  • If you are concerned about symptoms call NURSE-ON-CALL on 1300 606 024 or see your doctor.
  • If you or anyone in your care has trouble breathing or tightness in the chest, call 000 for an ambulance.
  • Reduce outdoor physical activity if you develop symptoms like cough or shortness of breath.
Very poor 100-300
The air is very dusty or smoky
  • Stay indoors as much as possible with windows and doors closed until outdoor air quality is better.
  • If you feel that the air in your home is uncomfortable, consider going to a place with cleaner air (such as an air-conditioned building like a library or shopping centre) if it is safe to do so.
  • Actively monitor symptoms and follow any treatment plan recommended by your doctor.
  • If you are concerned about symptoms call NURSE-ON-CALL on 1300 606 024 or see your doctor.
  • Avoid outdoor physical activity if you develop symptoms like cough or shortness of breath.
  • When indoors, close windows and doors until outdoor air quality is better.
  • If you are concerned about symptoms call NURSE-ON-CALL on 1300 606 024 or see your doctor.
  • If you or anyone in your care has trouble breathing or tightness in the chest, call 000 for an ambulance.
Extremely poor

> 300

The air is very dusty or smoky
  • Stay indoors with windows and doors closed until outdoor air quality is better and reduce indoor activity.
  • If you feel that the air in your home is uncomfortable, consider going to a place with cleaner air (such as an air-conditioned building like a library or shopping centre) if it is safe to do so.
  • Actively monitor symptoms and follow the treatment plan recommended by your doctor.
  • If you are concerned about symptoms call NURSE-ON-CALL on 1300 606 024 or see your doctor.
  • If you or anyone in your care has trouble breathing or tightness in the chest, call 000 for an ambulance.
  • Stay indoors as much as possible with windows and doors closed until outdoor air quality is better.
  • If you feel that the air in your home is uncomfortable, consider going to a place with cleaner air (such as an air-conditioned building like a library or shopping centre) if it is safe to do so.
  • If you are concerned about symptoms call NURSE-ON-CALL on 1300 606 024 or see your doctor.
  • If you or anyone in your care has trouble breathing or tightness in the chest, call 000 for an ambulance.

Factsheets about smoke and fire recovery

Includes languages other than English:

English-language factsheets:

For help with English, call the Translating and Interpreting Service on free call 131 450.

Read more about smoke

About smoke 

Report smoke 

Smoke and the law

Emergency information

Your health and the environment: learn and take action

Watch our videos about smoke 

Smoke and your health: This is Larry

Smoke is a mixture of different-sized particles, water vapour and gases. The biggest health threat from smoke comes from fine particles like Larry.

Video transcript

This is Larry. Larry is a PM2.5 fine particle. He and his mates live in smoke from fires.

He's not the only thing that lives there. Smoke is a mixture of particles, water vapor and gases. But Larry and his mates, well they're the biggest troublemakers. 

You see, fine particles like Larry can cause some short-term or long-term effects on your respiratory or cardiovascular systems. That can mean big problems for your heart and lungs, especially if you have asthma or other lung conditions. 

The effects of smoke exposure can vary. Health effects could be as simple as itchy eyes and a sore throat, that can also be something more serious. Because fire smoke can not only signal a threat to your safety, but also a risk to your health. 

Smoke and your health: Larry in your lungs

Some people are more sensitive to the effects of smoke exposure. People over the age of 65 years, smokers and people with pre-existing heart or lung conditions may experience adverse health effects earlier and at lower smoke concentrations than healthy people. 

Video transcript

Larry's microscopic. That means he's tough to see.

To give you an idea of just how tiny he is, here's 40 Larrys playing side-by-side, along the width of a human hair.

But how could something so small, cause so much trouble? Well if you've had a kid, you'll know.

Because Larry and his friends are so small, they're prime culprits for getting into all the places they shouldn't be. They can get right down deep into your respiratory system and hang out in your lungs.

Larry irritates some people more than others. Kids up to 14, and adults over 65, smokers, pregnant women and people with a heart or lung condition can have a much tougher time putting up with Larry. Their symptoms can be worse at lower smoke concentrations.

Kids are also more at risk because their respiratory systems are still developing. They're often running around outside, and they breathe in more air per body weight than adults.

More air, means more Larrys.  

Smoke and your health: Keep Larry out

Smoke can affect your health. To minimise the potential health impacts, everyone should avoid breathing in smoke.

Video transcript

So how do you keep Larry out of your lungs?

If you're not under threat from the fire, stay inside with the windows and doors closed and reduce your physical activity. 

If you have a heart or lung condition including asthma, make sure you take your medications and follow your treatment plan. 

Keep the air inside your home as healthy as possible. If you have an air conditioner, switch it to recirculate or reuse and reduce activities that affect indoor air quality, like smoking cigarettes, burning candles or vacuuming. 

If your home is uncomfortable, take a break from Larry by visiting a friend or relative away from the smoke or visit an air conditioned 
centre, like a library. Check that it's safe to go elsewhere before leaving.

And when there's a break in the smoke, open your windows and doors to get rid of any smoke inside the house. 

See you later Larry.

Keep Larry out of your lungs. 

Video transcript

Polluted air can affect human health and the environment. In Victoria sources of pollution like industry emissions, vehicle exhaust, smoke from fires and dust can impact our air.

A key indicator of air quality is the amount of PM2.5 in the air. PM stands for particulate matter and the 2.5 refers to size. To help you understand we mean matter that has a diameter of 2.5 micrometres or smaller. A micrometre is one thousandth of a millimetre.

In comparison, a fine grain of sand measures about 90 micrometres across and a human hair averages a width of about 75 micrometres. So PM2.5 particles are really small. Small enough for you to breath them deeply into your lungs.

People who are sensitive to air pollution might experience symptoms when PM2.5 levels are high. This could include young children, older people, pregnant women and people with allergies, heart or lung conditions.

They might experience symptoms like wheezing, coughing, tightness of the chest or difficulty breathing. If you’re worried about your symptoms, see your doctor or call NURSE-ON-CALL on 1300 606 024. And if you experience chest tightness or difficulty breathing call 000.

You can stay up-to-date with air quality in your area by visiting EPA AirWatch. Air quality data is categorised from Good to Extremely Poor. EPA AirWatch also includes air quality forecasts for Victoria. You can use forecasts to help plan your day.

For more information about smoke and air quality visit our website epa.vic.gov.au

Reviewed 28 June 2024